ABSTRACT
Úvod: Hygiena rukou je považována za jedno z nejdůležitějších a nejúčinnějších opatření v prevenci a kontrole šíření infekcí. Hraje také zásadní roli při snižování výskytu infekcí spojených se zdravotní péčí. Hlavním cílem je posoudit dodržování hygieny rukou - se zvláštním zaměřením v používání rukavic při poskytování péče v lůžkových zařízeních. Metody: Průřezový dotazníkový průzkum dodržování standardů bezpečné zdravotní péče v lůžkových zařízeních na území České republiky v roce 2018 před pandemií COVID-19. Osloveno bylo celkem 80 lůžkových poskytovatelů zdravotních služeb v České republice. Odpovědi byly hodnoceny na 6stupňové škále od "vždy" (100 bodů) do "nikdy" (0 bodů). Analýza dat byla provedena pomocí IBM SPSS Statistics verze 22. Výsledky: Dotazník vyplnilo 2 049 zdravotnických pracovníků z 80 oslovených lůžkových zdravotnických zařízení na území České republiky. Respondenti byli rozděleni dle medicínského oboru. Respondenti pracovali v interních oborech (43 %), chirurgických oborech (28 %), na psychiatrii (14 %), v zařízeních dlouhodobé lůžkové péče (9 %) a v ostatních nezařazených oborech (6 %). Závěr: Předkládaná studie ověřila dobrou úroveň v dodržování hygienických standardů u poskytovatelů lůžkové péče v České republice. Identifikovány byly rozdíly v metodickém opatření pro hygienu rukou v České republice a mezinárodních doporučených postupech, které jsou podloženy vysokou úrovní vědeckých důkazů. Vhodným opatřením by bylo zavést národně akceptované klinické doporučené postupy s přesně vymezenou úrovní důkazů.Alternate :Introduction: Hand hygiene is considered one of the most important and effective measures for infection prevention and control. It also plays a vital role in reducing healthcare-associated/acquired infections. The main goal is to assess hand hygiene compliance - with a special focus on using gloves when providing care in inpatient settings. Methods: A cross-sectional survey on compliance with hand hygiene was conducted in health care facilities in the Czech Republic in 2018 before the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were from 80 inpatient health care providers in the Czech Republic. Responses were scored on a 6-level scale, from "always" (100 points) to "never" (0 points). Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22. Results: The questionnaire was filled in by 2,049 health care personnel from 80 inpatient health care facilities in the Czech Republic. Respondents were further divided according to the medical specialty. Respondents worked in the field of internal medicine (43%), surgical fields (28%), psychiatry (14%), long-term care facilities (9%), and other non-classified fields (6%). Conclusions: The presented study verified the good level of declared compliance with hygiene standards in inpatient healthcare providers in the Czech Republic. Significant differences were found between the observed hand hygiene measures established in the Czech Republic and international best practices based on a high scientific evidence level. An appropriate measure would be to establish national clinical best practices based on convincing scientific evidence at the national level.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Micronutrient malnutrition affects millions of people due to a lack of Zn and Se. METHODS: The process conditions for the manufacture of glycine-chelated sodium selenite (Se-Gly) and zinc sulfate heptahydrate (Zn-Gly) were studied. The effects of ligand concentration, pH, reaction ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on fertilizer stability were assessed. The effects of Zn-Gly and Se-Gly on tea plants were determined. RESULTS: Orthogonal experiments showed that the optimal preparation conditions for Zn-Gly (75.80 % Zn chelation rate) were pH 6.0, ligand concentration 4 %, reaction ratio 1:2, reaction time 120 min, reaction temperature 70 â. The optimal preparation conditions for Se-Gly (56.75 % Se chelation rate) were pH 6.0, ligand concentration 10%, reaction ratio 2:1, reaction time 40 min, temperature 50 â. Each chelate was completely soluble in water and verified by infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Zn-Gly and Se-Gly increased the Zn and Se content in tea plants, and foliar application was more effective than soil application. Combined application of Zn-Gly and Se-Gly was more effective than Zn-Gly or Se-Gly alone. Our findings suggest that Zn-Gly and Se-Gly provide a convenient method of addressing human Zn and Se deficiency.
ABSTRACT
The most prevalent conditions among ocular surgery and COVID-19 patients are fungal eye infections, which may cause inflammation and dry eye, and may cause ocular morbidity. Amphotericin-B eye drops are commonly used in the treatment of ocular fungal infections. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is used for the treatment of dry eye, conjunctivitis, and ocular inflammation. However, poor aqueous stability and excessive nasolacrimal duct draining impede these agens' efficiency. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Amphotericin-B, as an antifungal against Candida albicans, Fusarium, and Aspergillus flavus, and Lactoferrin, as an anti-inflammatory and anti-dry eye, when co-loaded in triblock polymers PLGA-PEG-PEI nanoparticles embedded in P188-P407 ophthalmic thermosensitive gel. The nanoparticles were prepared by a double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The optimized formula showed particle size (177.0 ± 0.3 nm), poly-dispersity index (0.011 ± 0.01), zeta-potential (31.9 ± 0.3 mV), and entrapment% (90.9 ± 0.5) with improved ex-vivo pharmacokinetic parameters and ex-vivo trans-corneal penetrability, compared with drug solution. Confocal laser scanning revealed valuable penetration of fluoro-labeled nanoparticles. Irritation tests (Draize Test), Atomic force microscopy, cell culture and animal tests including histopathological analysis revealed superiority of the nanoparticles in reducing signs of inflammation and eradication of fungal infection in rabbits, without causing any damage to rabbit eyeballs. The nanoparticles exhibited favorable pharmacodynamic features with sustained release profile, and is neither cytotoxic nor irritating in-vitro or in-vivo. The developed formulation might provide a new and safe nanotechnology for treating eye problems, like inflammation and fungal infections.
ABSTRACT
Over the last few years, more and more people have been using YouTube videos to experience virtual reality travel. Many individuals utilize comments to voice their ideas or criticize a subject on YouTube. The number of replies to 360-degree and unidirectional videos is enormous and might differ between the two kinds of videos. This presents the problem of efficiently evaluating user opinions with respect to which type of video will be more appealing to viewers, positive comments, or interest. This paper aims to study SentiStrength-SE and SenticNet7 techniques for sentiment analysis. The findings demonstrate that the sentiment analysis obtained from SenticNet7 outperforms that from SentiStrength-SE. It is revealed through the sentiment analysis that sentiment disparity among the viewers of 360-degree and unidirectional videos is low and insignificant. Furthermore, the study shows that unidirectional videos garnered the most traffic during COVID-19 induced global travel bans. The study elaborates on the capacity of unidirectional videos on travel and the implications for industry and academia. The second aim of this paper also employs a Convolutional Neural Network and Random Forest for sentiment analysis of YouTube viewers' comments, where the sentiment analysis output by SenticNet7 is used as actual values. Cross-validation with 10-folds is employed in the proposed models. The findings demonstrate that the max-voting technique outperforms compared with an individual fold.
ABSTRACT
Functional nucleic acids (FNAs) are short, single-stranded nucleic acids that can be derived from synthetic nucleic acid libraries using test-tube selection experiments. Due to their excellent chemical stability, high binding affinities and specificities, compatibility with a variety of signal-transduction mechanisms, and ease of synthesis and modification, FNAs have a great potential to overcome some of the limitations of current pathogen diagnostic methods by acting as molecular recognition elements (MREs) for point-of-care testing. This review summarizes the development of FNA-based biosensors for viral and bacterial detection in clinical samples. We first discuss examples of selecting FNAs for recognizing biomarkers of viral and bacterial pathogens. This is followed by discussion on integrating FNAs into fluorescent, colorimetric, and electrochemical biosensors and applying these sensors towards clinically diagnosing infectious diseases caused by many important bacterial and viral pathogens. Finally, the challenges of making FNA-based biosensors for infectious diseases are provided. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Breast cancer screening programs in increasing the survival rate and decreasing the mortality rate has been widely confirmed;medical system was not paralyzed due to Covid-19, but due to pandemia priority and breast cancer screening programs have been shut down, with a real impact on womens' health and quality of life. Pandemia gave us the opportunity to rearrange breast screening modality, with the possibility of use social media (f.e. Whatsapp or a dedicated app) to add, cancel of modify an appointment, virtual consultations with a breast radiologist and adding automatized breast ultrasound systems (ABUS) to FFDM (full-field digital mammography) or DBT (digital breast tomosynthesis). A new era of breast cancer screening could raise prevention programs also in low-adhesion population.
ABSTRACT
this paper describes experience of changing microcontroller related course from face-to-face to remote format, which took place in Riga Technical University during the COVID-19 pandemic during years 2020 and 2021. The name of the subject is Laboratory exercises in electronics. The primary ideology of that course is to let students touch and feel electronics without using any virtual stuff like simulators. Therefore, replacing everything with simulation is not a solution to such kind of course. In this publication, we want to describe system that is mixture of real physical system installed in the laboratory and remote interface interacting with the physical system. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, academia has published tens of thousands of new papers. Facing so much literature knowledge, how to realize the fine-grained classification of covid-19 literature and help researchers carry out research? This is an urgent problem to be solved. This paper makes COVID-19 text classification graph data set, designs covid-19 scientific literature fine-grained classification model LC-GAT based on graph attention network, adds attention mechanism at word level, sentence level and graph level, effectively retains the classification information contained in article title and key words, and significantly improves the performance of covid-19 scientific literature fine-grained classification. This paper has positive significance for the classification of COVID-19 scientific literature. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Selenium-containing agents are more and more considered as an innovative potential treatment option for cancer. Light is shed not only on the considerable advancements made in understanding the complex biology and chemistry related to selenium-containing small molecules but also on Se-nanoparticles. Numerous Se-containing agents have been widely investigated in recent years in cancer therapy in relation to tumour development and dissemination, drug delivery, multidrug resistance (MDR) and immune system-related (anti)cancer effects. Despite numerous efforts, Se-agents apart from selenocysteine and selenomethionine have not yet reached clinical trials for cancer therapy. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise critical overview of the current state of the art in the development of highly potent target-specific Se-containing agents.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound and robust impact on individuals' lives and has particularly negatively affected individuals' experiences with fear of catching COVID-19. To measure this fear, researchers created the unidimensional Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). However, some exploratory factor analysis studies suggested the presence of two factors, which are 1) emotional fear and 2) physiological expressions of fear. In the current exploratory study, we aimed to confirm this factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis and to examine how these two new factors of the FCV-19S explain variability in the impacts of COVID-19 on nine life domains (i.e., finances, loved ones, job, safety, school, mental health, physical health, social activities, and quality of life). Participants were undergraduate students (n = 224) from a Midwestern University (White: 60.7%; Male: 48.0%) who participated in the study for course credit. The results revealed that the two-factor model had an excellent fit for the FCV-19S, both subscales had excellent psychometric properties, and the emotional fear subscale significantly explained variability in all nine life domains (7% to 54%). However, the physiological fear subscale only significantly explained variability in the physical health domain along with emotional fear (28%). The findings suggested that emotional fear of COVID-19 may explain more variability in the impact of COVID-19 across life domains, while physiological fear may only explain the effects of COVID-19 on physical health. We further discussed implications, limitations, and future directions.
ABSTRACT
Objective: In the current study, an in silico approach has been utilized to investigate the anti-SARS CoV 2 activity of some derivatives of Tetrahydro curcumin (THC), a curcumin metabolite. Method(s): BioVia Draw 2017 was used to design 168 THC derivatives. All of the derivatives were docked using Maestro Schrodinger programme. Depending on the docking score, the ADME, drug-likeness, and toxicity prediction of a few THC derivatives were conducted. Result(s): 168 THC derivatives were designed. 14 derivatives exhibited a better binding score than Remdesivir. All 14 derivatives' pharmacokinetic characteristics were discovered to be within the acceptable range. Lipinski's rule of five was violated by all derivatives, including the reference drug, yet they all stayed within the recommended range. The greatest docking score among the 14 derivatives was displayed by Structure 21. A study on molecular dynamic (MD) stimulation showed that the protein-ligand complex was relatively stable. Toxicity prediction showed that 14 derivatives were non-hepatotoxic, non-cytotoxic, immunotoxic (except S21), non-mutagenic (except S31) and half of the developed structures were carcinogenic, while the other half, including the standard drug, was non-carcinogenic. Conclusion(s): Among 168 THC derivatives, 14 derivatives exhibited better binding score than the reference drug. For all 14 derivatives, pharmacokinetic, drug-likeness, and toxicity prediction were found to be satisfactory. It was discovered that the protein-ligand complex was thermodynamically stable. All 14 compounds present exciting prospects for further in vitro and in vivo investigation. Copyright © 2023 The Authors.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the sound absorption performance depending on surface finishing of the hardwood cross-section. The sound absorption performance of wood cross-sections was evaluated after band saw cutting, sandpaper polishing, and staining. The sound absorption performance was best following the band saw cutting and no other treatment. On the other hand, stain blocked the pores and decreased the sound absorption performance. This study suggests that finishing methods that preserve the integrity of vessels need to be considered when using wood as a sound-absorbing material.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the effect of Bitcoin price, world commodity prices such as gold and crude oil, as well as the number of active cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia on the volatility of the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study uses quantitative methods and the data collection used is secondary data with daily data and the period from March 2, 2020 - March 2, 2022. The number of observations used in this study amounted to 477 observations. Secondary data sources are obtained through the Yahoo Finance website and the official WHO website. The data processing technique will be carried out using Stata 16 software and using the Multiple Linear Regression method and also the Classical Assumption Test. The results of this study show that the price of Bitcoin, the price of gold, Crude oil prices have a positive and significant effect on the volatility of the Indonesia Stock Exchange and only the number of active cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia has a positive but not significant effect. This indicates that Bitcoin prices, world gold prices, and world oil prices are good market indicators. In this case, the results found can be useful information for investors and portfolio managers when they want to invest in the Indonesia Stock Exchange, especially in uncertain periods such as during the Covid-19 pandemic. © 2022 ACM.
ABSTRACT
Faced with COVID-19 and the trend of aging, it is demanding to develop an online health metrics sensing solution for sustainable healthcare. An edge radio platform owning the function of integrated sensing and communications is promising to address the challenge. Radar demonstrates the capability for noncontact healthcare with high sensitivity and excellent privacy protection. Beyond conventional radar, this article presents a unique silicon-based radio platform for health status monitoring supported by coherent frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar at Ku-band and communication chip. The radar chip is fabricated by a 65-nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process and demonstrates a 1.5-GHz chirp bandwidth with a 15-GHz center frequency in 220-mW power consumption. A specific small-volume antenna with modified Vivaldi architecture is utilized for emitting and receiving radar beams. Biomedical experiments were implemented based on the radio platform cooperating with the antenna and system-on-chip (SoC) field-programmable gate array (FPGA) edge unit. An industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM)-band frequency-shift keying (FSK) communication chip in 915-MHz center frequency with microwatt-level power consumption is used to attain communications on radar-detected health information. Through unified integration of radar chip, management software, and communication unit, the integrated radio platform featuring <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math> </inline-formula>72-dBm sensitivity with a 500-kb/s FSK data rate is exploited to drastically empower sustainable healthcare applications. IEEE
ABSTRACT
The use of time-series analysis to examine aviation data trends through time comes crucial in planning its future. The prophet is an additive model that fits non-linear patterns. It functions best with historical data from various seasons and time series with significant seasonal impacts. This research looked closely into the aviation data in Zamboanga Peninsula, Jolo, and Tawi-Tawi to give a clearer picture of its impact on the sector and forecast passenger and aircraft movement in the coming months to see whether the impact of the opening in the aviation industry can be sustained. The final data comprise 51 data points for flight arrivals and departures and 51 data points for passenger arrivals and departures. Data show the decline in passengers and aircrafts arriving and departing in major airports in Zamboanga Peninsula, Jolo, and Tawi-Tawi during the pandemic. However, an increasing trend was observed years after the pandemic hit the region. Findings during the training and testing phase revealed that different models attained varied results;however, there are models which attained a higher degree of accuracy as depicted in the RMSE and R2. This indicates that predicting passenger and aircraft movement using models with higher accuracy is similar to real data thus, it is viable in predicting future values. Forecasting results further show a gradually increasing trend of aircraft and passenger arrivals in the major airports in Zamboanga Peninsula, Jolo, and Tawi-Tawi despite some observed smaller forecasted values. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The medication regimen complexityintensive care unit (MRC-ICU) score was developed prior to the existence of COVID-19 and has demonstrated an association with increased mortality, ICU length of stay, fluid balance, drug interactions, and quantity and quality of pharmacist interventions. Previous reports have questioned the ability of traditional predictors of mortality in critically ill patients to predict death in patients with COVID-19. The purpose of this study was to assess if MRC-ICU could predict mortality patients with COVID-19. METHOD(S): A single-center, observational study was conducted from August 2020 to January 2021. The primary outcome of this study was the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) for mortality for the 48- hour MRC-ICU. Age, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), and World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Severity Classification were also assessed. Logistic regression was also performed to predict mortality as well as WHO Severity Classification at 7 days. RESULT(S): A total of 149 patients were included. The median SOFA score was 8 (IQR 5 - 11) and median MRC-ICU score at 48 hours was 15 (IQR 7 - 21). The inhospital mortality rate was 36% (n = 54). The AUROC for MRC-ICU was 0.71 (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.62 - 0.78) compared to 0.66 for age, 0.81 SOFA, and 0.72 for the WHO Severity Classification. In univariate analysis, age, SOFA, MRC-ICU, and WHO Severity Classification all demonstrated significant association with mortality, while SOFA, MRC-ICU, and WHO Severity Classification demonstrated significant association with WHO Severity Classification at 7 days. A multiple logistic regression model for mortality was developed using these four predictors. CONCLUSION(S): In the first analysis of medication-related variables as a predictor of severity and mortality in COVID-19, MRC-ICU demonstrated acceptable predictive ability;however, SOFA was the strongest predictor in both AUROC and regression analysis.
ABSTRACT
Background. COVID-19 has caused over 6 million deaths worldwide. While testing was initially centered in healthcare facilities with automatic reporting to health departments, it is increasingly being performed in the home with rapid antigen testing. Many at-home tests are self-interpreted and not typically reported. In December 2021, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir were authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in high-risk patients. In New York City (NYC), these antivirals are available for free via pickup or home delivery, allowing for early expanded access. We sought to identify if prescribing of antivirals might act as an early indicator of increasing COVID-19 incidence in the setting of decreased case reporting. Methods. Confirmed and probable COVID-19 tests are reported to the NYC Health Department. All pharmacies participating in the federal COVID-19 therapeutics program are required to report daily utilization data, which are made available to jurisdictions through the Tiberius platform. From December 27, 2021 to April 18, 2022, we analyzed citywide weekly case counts, using patients 65 years and over as a proxy for high-risk eligible patients, and weekly oral therapeutic prescription fills. We calculated weekly case rates and prescribing rates per 100,000 residents. Weekly case rates and prescription fill rates were trended to assess for concordance over time. Results. During this period, 17,522 prescriptions were filled. Prescription fills and case rates were concordant until the weeks of February 28 and March 7, when an increase in fill rate was noted from the week prior (1.76 to 2.34 to 4.10), while reported case incidence continued to decrease (6.16 to 5.08 to 4.61). This discordance coincided with the emergence of the BA.2 subvariant in NYC. After these weeks, an uptick in case incidence was noted for the remainder of the study period, in concordance with prescription data. Conclusion. Increasing rates of oral therapeutic prescribing could be an early indicator of increasing COVID-19 transmission. Limitations include the unclear impact of public and prescriber education efforts on prescribing trends. Next steps include exploring the addition of prescription data into modeling to predict trends in transmission as reported cases becomes a less reliable indicator.
ABSTRACT
Background. Vaccine hesitancy (VH) is adversely affecting the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, influenza vaccine uptake is suboptimal. We aimed to monitor trends in VH with respect to influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and routine childhood vaccines. Methods. We conducted a repeated cross-sectional survey in English and Spanish of caregiver influenza and SARS-CoV-2 knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and associated VH among hospitalized children 6 mo-18 yrs at a large pediatric medical institution. Caregivers were enrolled over 3 influenza seasons (S);2019-2020 (S1), 2020-2021 (S2), and 2021-2022 (S3). VH was assessed using the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey;PACV score >= 50 denoted VH. Descriptive statistics were used. Results. During 3 influenza seasons, 269/282 (95%), 295/307 (96%), and 384/418 (92%) of approached caregivers were enrolled in S1, S2, and S3 respectively. Most parents (45%) identified as Hispanic/Latino, 35% as White, and 20% as Black/African American. By report, 94% of children in S1, 91% in S2, and 91% in S3 were up-to-date with routine childhood vaccines. Based on PACV score, 13% of parents were VH in 19-20 compared to 17% in 20-21 and 19% in 21-22. Approximately 70% of caregivers gave or planned to give their child the influenza vaccine across seasons. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, caregivers were less likely to believe that the 'flu can be a dangerous infection in children,' and to agree that 'all children over 6 months of age should receive the flu shot every year'. Decreased concern persisted or did not recover during the pandemic (Table 1). Parents were consistently scared of their child getting COVID-19 but fewer (49% versus 38%) were scared of their child getting the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in S3. More (50% versus 71%) caregivers in S3 were willing to receive the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine themselves and 46% in S2 and 54% of caregivers in S3 had or planned to vaccinate their child against COVID-19 (Table 2). Conclusion. Our results suggest a trend that VH may be increasing. During the COVID-19 pandemic, caregivers of hospitalized children were less concerned about influenza than pre-pandemic. Intention to vaccinate children against COVID-19 remains suboptimal.
ABSTRACT
Youth e-cigarette use has reached epidemic levels, highlighting a critical need for prevention programming. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the need to support students virtually. In late 2020, #iCANendthetrend, a near-peer school-based intervention, was virtually delivered to 4th-12th graders by trained college facilitators. Data sample includes 383 participants. Outcomes across presentation type and grade levels were compared using Chi-square/Fisher's exact test. Most students found the program beneficial for their age, liked having a near-peer facilitator, and enjoyed the virtual format. Middle schoolers enjoyed the program more than high schoolers (p<.05). Elementary and middle schoolers were more likely to agree that presenters were engaging (p<.05). Our findings suggest 4th-12th grade students are highly receptive to a near-peer approach, even when virtual.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to report the dynamic profile of IgG-specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection for 6 months after infection. We conducted a prospective study, recruited 33 recently confirmed covid -19 patients and collected 6 samples from each patient. The first samples were collected one month from the start of symptoms and subsequent samples collected at 30 days interval. We measured the IgG by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). According to the disease severity, patients were categorized as asymptomatic 4 (12.1%), mild 14 (42,4%), moderate 9 (27.3%), and severe 6 (18.2%). Patients were 12 (35.3%) females and 21 (64.7%) males. The mean IgG levels maintained a high level till the second month (92.81 +/- 110.15 AU/ml) from the onset of symptoms followed by a gradual decrease till the sixth month after infection (17.42 +/- 22.61 AU/ml). The patients with severe symptoms significantly exhibited the highest IgG levels, reached the highest level (mean=237.44 +/- 164.13 AU/ml) at the second month. While the lowest levels were detected among the asymptomatic patients (mean= 3.04 +/- 2.94 AU/ml) at the second month. Older age correlated with higher IgG antibody level (r= 0.350 p=0.046);however, sex was not related to IgG level. In conclusion, Symptomatic COVID-19 disease is followed by protective immunity for more than 6 months. Immunity in asymptomatic patients is low and fades rapidly than symptomatic cases. Patients with severe disease had significantly higher IgG levels compared to mild, moderate, or asymptomatic patients. Copyright© by the Egyptian Association of Immunologists.